The threefold verses of Sūrah ʾAl-Nisā provide a detailed legislative framework for the laws of Inheritance. In understanding these verses, it is important to have an understanding of the history of Inheritance as well. In the tradition of Arabs before the advancement of Islam, men who were blood relatives of the deceased directly or via other men, were considered his/her heirs. Closer relatives would deprive more distant ones of their Inheritance rights. Inheritance verses were revealed in such a context, with the purpose of determining a share for those who were deprived of Inheritance. Therefore, the Quran has not written the rules of Inheritance in vacuum, but rather in accordance with the existing norms and as corrective measures. This cultural background reveals the reason why some relatives have specific shares of the Inheritance while others do not have that. On the other hand, the allocation of certain shares from the Inheritance to non-heir members in the pre-Islamic custom could lead to the deprivation of those without a share or the excess sum of shares beyond each other. It seems that in order to solve these challenges, one should use the proportion of the heir’s shares in comparison with each other instead of proportioning the shares of heirs to estate.

One of the derivatives of the Inheritance discussion is the subject of compliance or non-compliance of option Inheritance with property Inheritance. When some of the heirs are deprived of the property itself, the question arises as to whether or not those persons will also be deprived of the right of option belonging to that property. To answer this question, various opinions have been expressed by jurisprudents. The disagreement is rooted in the concept of option. In this paper, by adopting nullificatory conception of option and illustrating option right’s independence of property and accepting its relationship with contract, the famous theory of the jurisprudents concerning non-compliance of property Inheritance with option Inheritance is consolidated. This analysis is meant to apply the silence and general acceptance of the civil law to the famous theory. Data were collected through library method and analyzed using descriptive-analytical method.

Nowadays, income Distribution and ways to adjust inequality in income Distribution have been considered by many policymakers. The adverse social and economic consequences of increasing income inequality in society are not hidden from anyone, so it has led governments to prioritize improving income Distribution. Inequality is defined as the difference between individuals in society in accessing economic resources, and various factors play a role in the unequal Distribution of income. Government fiscal policies can certainly be effective in reducing inequality and income reDistribution. In most developed countries, government Distribution policies are driven by tax policies. In addition to being one of the most important sources of government revenue, tax is one of the most effective tools in improving revenue Distribution. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of Inheritance tax on income Distribution during the period of winter 2006 to autumn 2018. According to the results of this study, Inheritance tax and economic growth rate in the long term can reduce the Gini coefficient and improve income Distribution. Moreover, rising government spending, rising inflation, rising population growth, and long-term unemployment can increase the Gini coefficient and make income Distribution more unfair.

The opinion of Islamic jurists are different on the subject off Inheritance of Diya'(blood money). On the other hand, the matter of Inheritance of Diya' has important legal effects from the viewpoint of tort law and general theory of obligations. These are the main questions: Who are the heirs of Diya'? Does homicide by error, like murder, is an impediment to Inheritance of Diya'? In case of murder, are the heirs of propostius allowed the choice between Qisas and Diya' or the only obligatory remedy for murder is Qisas and it will be transferred to Diya' by mutual consent of murderer and victims' heirs?The article purports, While examining different opinions of Islamic(specially Shiite) jurists concerning these questions and some others, provide due solutions to protect the rights of tortfeasors, victims, heirs and creditors of propostius.

In this article wifes Inheritance is juristically investigated from two aspects: (a) an Inheritance of a wife who is the only heir of the deseased in order to find out whether the surplus of wifes Quranic share belongs to the wife, or to Imam as asserted by contemporary jurists as well as article 866 of the Civil Law. (b) Is wifes Inheritance allotted out of the whole properties of the deceased or out of some parts of it? And is there any difference in this connection berween a wife wich a child and a wife without a child?

One of the obvious reasons for most disorders in network service provisioning is network path congestion. Congestion avoidance in today's networks is too costly and sometimes impossible. With the introduction of SDN, centralizing the equipment's control plane has become possible. This paper presents an enhanced method named ESV-DBRA to avoid congestion in multi-tenant SDN networks. At first, ESV-DBRA monitors the traffic load and delay of all network paths for each tenant individually. Then, by merging the parameters obtained from the monitoring, the Service Level Agreements (SLA), and a novel proposed cost function, it calculates the cost of the network paths per tenant. As a result, traffic for each tenant is routed through the path/paths at the lowest possible cost from the tenant's perspective. Next, the bandwidth quotas will be calculated and assigned to the tenants over their optimal routes. Afterward, whenever congestion is likely to occur in a path, ESV-DBRA automatically changes the route or bandwidth of the tenants' traffic related to this path to avoid congestion. Related algorithms are also proposed.Eventually, simulations show that the proposed method effectively increases bandwidth utilization by 10.76%.

Objectives: Instinctive complication of human society and lack of a natural methodology for surveying and studying complicated social processes has led the social scientists to use artificial society for this category. The presented research is a part of a newly appeared course in which the agents have interaction with each other for the purpose of simulating social and economic processes. In this article, the application of artificial society sugarsacpe model to analyze and optirnize wealth Distribution in the society is studied, and the model of social welfare that reviews the role of wealth Distribution, Inheritance and population control in social welfare is presented.Sugarscape model consists of a cellular landscape (Cellular Automata) of resources (sugar or energy) and a population of agents which need the resources for their survival (for their metabolism), search (according to their vision) the cells and move to obtain them. Because of the movement, an evolutionary social behavior will happen. According to model analysis, this behavior should be parameterized and optirnized. To analyze, it is assumed that each agent should gather sugar to make asset. Hence, the amount of sugar which each agent gathers is considered as its wealth or assets. The model begins with an uneven equality of wealth in the society then the agents start to gather as much amount of sugar as they can. In simulation, the population is categorized based on the wealth, and the percentage of the population which possesses some percentage of the wealth is specified in the Diagrams. Pareto's principle is studied in this simulation and the equality and inequality of wealth Distribution is observed by using Lorenz Curve. And Gini Coefficient is studied.Method: Basic, simulation and applied method is used in the study. The method of data gathering was field, library and computational.Findings: Increasing inequality in wealth Distribution (sugar) in the society caused social poverty, and high range of mortality due to starvation was observed. Also, Pareto's principle was approved in this simulation.Results: Inheritance can postpone selection; in other words it increases the possibility of agents' survival in a society. Moreover implementation of population control strategies, especially among poor classes, may increase social welfare. The conclusion is that rising agent's vision and decreasing their metabolism may result to approach the equality, because poor agents may also achieve better chances to gain wealth.